Thursday, December 15, 2022

Prevulcanised Latex

Introduction

Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) obtained from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis is a colloidal suspension of rubber particles in an aqueous serum. The aqueous medium contains a number of dissolved non rubber substances like amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, organic acids, inorganic salts etc.

Field latex coagulates 6 to 10 hours after tapping. Anti coagulants are normally added to latex depending on the final product to which field latex is processed into.

For processing into 60% centrifuged latex, ammonia, ZnO, TMTD etc are used as preservatives. The field latex is then centrifuged into 60% concentrate (CL 60). This CL 60 forms the raw material for making prevulcanised latex.

CL 60 has the following basic spec
                        drc      60%
                        NH3    0.07%        (High Ammonia)
                        0.03%        (Low Ammonia)
There are a number of other properties which will be elaborated in the course of the paper.

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Prevulcanised Latex

Prevulcanised Latex is defined as one in which the rubber particles are chemically cross linked and remains in fluid state so that on drying the latex a vulcanized film is obtained. The possibility of vulcanizing the disperse phase of NRL without any prior coalesce of particles was first investigated by Schidrowitz in 1914 – 1918 period.

His method of prevulcanisation was to heat NRL with sodium poly sulphide, sulphur and zinc oxide in steam at 145oC for 30 to 45 minutes. At the conclusion of the process the latex was cooled, sedimented, sieved and packed. Later, when high speed water soluble accelerators where available the curing condition was altered to 1 hour at 70-80oC preceded by a 1 hour rise to that temperature.
Methods of Prevulcanisation
The three common methods of prevulcanisation are

  1. Sulphur vulcanization
  2. Peroxide vulcanization
  3. High energy radiation vulcanization

Since the economical and most common method of prevulcanisation is the sulphur vulcanization, the discussio9n will be confined to this method.

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Wednesday, December 14, 2022

Sulphur!!- the VULCANIZING AGENT

 

VULCANIZING AGENTS

Sulphur is a multivalent non-metal, abundant, tasteless and odourless. In its native form sulphur is a yellow crystalline solid. In nature it occurs as the pure element or as sulfide and sulfate minerals.

Elemental sulphur is used in black gunpowder, matches, and fireworks; in the vulcanization of rubber; as a fungicide, insecticide, and fumigant; in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers; and in the treatment of certain skin diseases.

Sulphur vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into materials of a variety of hardness, elasticity, and mechanical durability by heating them with sulphur or other equivalent curatives or accelerators.

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Dispersing Agent


    Dispersants, also called dispersing agents, are chemical agents used to break up oil into smaller droplets in the        water column. Dispersants can be applied on surface oil or below the surface, closer to an uncontrolled release of     crude oil from a well blowout source.

Dispersing agents are specialized wetting agents that wet out surfaces of particles during the dispersion process, and subsequently stabilize the dispersion such that the particles do not re-agglomerate. Dispersing agents prevent re-agglomeration by either electrostatic repulsion or by steric hindrance. Dispersing agents consist of a polar head that "attaches" to the particle to be dispersed, and a polymer chain that is compatible in the media in which the particle is being dispersed. Check out Rubber chemical dispersion manufacturer in Kerala

Dispersing Agent

What is the purpose of dispersant?

Dispersants are chemicals that are sprayed on a surface oil slick to break down the oil into smaller droplets that more readily mix with the water. Dispersants do not reduce the amount of oil entering the environment, but push the effects of the spill underwater.

Our product ‘Damol’ is an anionic dispersing additive, tailor-made according to the need of making Chemical dispersions especially for the Rubber and Textile sector. The compound is designed with basic knowledge about the raw materials and corresponding production process of dispersions. The product characteristics are as follows:-

A-Specifications

(1) Physical form Brown coloured Spray dried powder
(2) Chemical nature Anionic in nature
(3) Solubility Soluble in water
(4) PH (1%Solution) 7±1
(5) Active nature About 82%
(6) Moisture content 5% max

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Thursday, November 17, 2022

APPLICATION AND USES OF ZINC OXIDE

Zinc oxide is a white, inert inorganic compound. It is used as an activator, bulking agent or filler or as a white pigment in various industries such as rubber, ceramics, chemicals, agriculture, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics & personal care. Check out one of the top Zinc Oxide Manufacturers in India

 

Uses of Zinc Oxide:

 

 The applications of zinc oxide powder are numerous, and the principal ones are summarized below.
 
  • Rubber Manufacture: Between 50% and 60% of ZnO use is in the rubber industry. Zinc oxide along with stearic acid is used in the vulcanization of rubber. ZnO additive also protect rubber from fungi and UV light.

  • Ceramic Industry: Ceramic industry consumes a significant amount of zinc oxide, in particular in ceramic glaze and frit compositions. The relatively high heat capacity, thermal conductivity and high temperature stability of ZnO coupled with a comparatively low coefficient of expansion are desirable properties in the production of ceramics. ZnO affects the melting point and optical properties of the glazes, enamels, and ceramic formulations. Zinc oxide as a low expansion, secondary flux improves the elasticity of glazes by reducing the change in viscosity as a function of temperature and helps prevent crazing and shivering. By substituting ZnO for BaO and PbO, the heat capacity is decreased and the thermal conductivity is increased. Zinc in small amounts improves the development of glossy and brilliant surfaces. However, in moderate to high amounts, it produces matte and crystalline surfaces. With regard to color, zinc has a complicated influence. 

  • Medicine: Zinc oxide is widely used to treat a variety of skin conditions, including dermatitis, itching due to eczema, diaper rash and acne. It is used in products such as baby powder and barrier creams to treat diaper rashes, calamine cream, anti-dandruff shampoos, and antiseptic ointments. It is also a component in tape (called "zinc oxide tape") used by athletes as a bandage to prevent soft tissue damage during workouts. Zinc oxide can be used in ointments, creams, and lotions to protect against sunburn and other damage to the skin caused by ultraviolet light.

  • Food Additive: Zinc oxide is added to many food products, including breakfast cereals, as a source of zinc, a necessary nutrient.(Zinc sulphate is also used for the same purpose.) Some pre-packaged foods also include trace amounts of ZnO.  

  • Pigment: Zinc white is used as a pigment in paints and is more opaque than lithopone, but less opaque than titanium dioxide

  • UV Absorber: Micronized and nano-scale zinc oxide and titanium dioxide provide strong protection against UVA and UVB ultraviolet radiation, and are used in suntan lotion, and also in UV-blocking sunglasses for use in space and for protection when welding.

  • Coatings:Paints containing zinc oxide powder have long been utilized as anticorrosive coatings for metals. They are especially effective for galvanized iron. Iron is difficult to protect because its reactivity with organic coatings leads to brittleness and lack of adhesion. Zinc oxide paints retain their flexibility and adherence on such surfaces for many years.

  • Corrosion prevention in nuclear reactors:  Zinc oxide depleted in 64Zn (the zinc isotope with atomic mass 64) is used in corrosion prevention in nuclear pressurized water reactors. The depletion is necessary, because 64Zn is transformed into radioactive 65Zn under irradiation by the reactor neutrons

  • Methane Reforming : Zinc oxide (ZnO) is used as a pretreatment step to remove hydrogen sulphide from natural gas following hydrogenation of any sulfur compounds prior to a methane reformer. At temperatures between about 230–430 °C (446–806 °F), H2S is converted to water by the following reaction:
     
     
    H2S + ZnO → H2O + ZnS 
     
    The zinc sulfide (ZnS) is replaced with fresh zinc oxide when the zinc oxide has been consumed.

Specialities of Zinc Oxide ACPL P999

Monday, November 14, 2022

Stay Safe on Social Media

Social media has brought the world closer than ever before. There are certain steps users should take to keep their information secure. Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter record everything you do online. Even if you post, edit or delete a tweet, the internet will always keep a virtual copy. Here's an all-inclusive guide to increase privacy on social media.

Better privacy begins with your passwords

There will be a worse effect on digital marketing agencies that use weak passwords and have very little cyber security protocols. Did you know that more than 55 percent of internet users use the same password for every site? Imagine how easy it would be for someone to access your Facebook, Twitter, Gmail account simply by using the same password.

Free apps like LastPass, will be a great help if you have to keep track of dozens of different passwords. Users are able to keep all their various passwords secure by creating a Master Key. So users only need to remember one password instead of remembering a handful of passwords.

Two-factor authentication also adds extra privacy settings to your accounts. The Two-factor authentication prevents unauthorized users from using your account–even if they have your passwords.

Staying Safe on Facebook

Quick facts:

  • Users on Facebook every day - 1.18 billion.
  • Active users on Facebook - 1.79 billion.
  • 84.9% users live outside the US.

Here are a few quick tips to help get you started

1. Keep your posts for family and friends only

There are lot of user’s information shared on Facebook (name, phone number, job, residence, relationship status, etc.) So it's important to delegate your posts to your friends and family. You can easily do this by going under your Settings menu and click the Privacy section and change who sees your posts to "Friends Only".

2. Change your settings so strangers can't look you up

It is important to make your profile private apart from making your posts private. In order to keep strangers from looking you up, change your settings by clicking Settings menu. From there, click on Privacy and next to the Who Can Look Me Up section make sure set it to "Friends Only".

3. Hide your friends to protect their privacy too!

You have to make an additional step to remove your friends from the public eye. For hiding friends list from public, go to your friend list and under the Edit Privacy settings select the "Only Me" setting for who can see your friends.

Staying Safe on Instagram

Quick facts:

  • Monthly users – More than 500 million.
  • Pictures shared by users - over 40 billion.
  • Purchased by Facebook for $1 billion in 2012.
  • 80% of Instagram users are outside US.

Ever since it was purchased by Facebook back in 2012, Instagram had undergone a lot of updates. The new Instagram Stories feature gives users more opportunities to share, tag and follow friends, enemies and strangers alike. However, being a photo app means users are constantly broadcasting highly personal information out into the world wide web.

1. Make sure you turn your location information off

Always turn off the location information. If you're going to post on Instagram, it is good to hide exactly where you are at any given moment. It is unsafe to tell the strangers where you are at any given moment.

2. Make friends with the block function

The block feature helps users to remove people who post rude or obnoxious comments from your social media feed. It also prevents them from viewing your posts. Yes, these people can create new accounts to stalk you, but to deal with that you all need to do is change your account from public to private.

3. Think about setting your account to private

Setting your account to private will help keep your account safe from strangers. Someone has to request access to your account if you choose the private feature. So you can choose who's out and who's in. It helps to increase your privacy settings by giving you more control over who's able to see and comment on your pics.

Staying Safe on Twitter

Quick facts:

  • Nearly 35,000 tweets per minute
  • Twitter users - 310 million monthly

A few months ago, Twitter actually updated their safety.

1. Don't add your location to your tweets

By choosing to add your location to your tweets, you open the door for public to intrude into your privacy or stalk you. To hide your location information, go to the Settings menu and click the Privacy and safety section and uncheck the box "Add a location to my tweets."

2. Make sure you actually use Twitter's privacy and security options

Sometimes it's better to keep your tweets private. Twitter actually gives you the option to delegate which ones you want to remain private and which tweets you want to make public. Take advantage of this feature. Remember, your public tweets always stay online, so think twice before sending out your public opinions.

3. Choose which tweets to make public and which to make private

Like Facebook, Twitter also offers users the ability to tight up their privacy settings. To increase your privacy, you should not include additional information like your email address and phone number in your profile. You can also clear your contact information by going to Settings and privacy section and clicking on Privacy and safety. From there, scroll down to Manage your contacts to remove your contact which are pre-filled. You can avoid "who to follow" popups by removing your contact information.

You'll be able to post in Social Medias without revealing too much information by taking the time to update your social media accounts and increasing your privacy.

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Thursday, November 3, 2022

Enterprise Resource Planning How It Helps in Your Business

 ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. It's a software that manages a company's financials, supply chain, operations, commerce, reporting, manufacturing. ERP is a software designed to manage and integrate the functions of core business processes like finance, HR, supply chain and inventory management in a single system.

Widely used in businesses of all sizes, ERP is considered a must-have for large enterprises and is increasingly being deployed in growing small businesses. The complexities of the global economy and modern consumer demands have made streamlining business processes and managing and optimizing data critical. ERP is typically the foundation of these capabilities.

Components of an ERP system

An ERP system consists of software components, or modules, each of which focuses on a distinct business process. Certain modules are considered "core" to nearly every type of business and the first to be deployed:

The ERP finance module automates basic accounting, invoicing, financial analysis, forecasting and reporting. It is often the main reason a company moves to ERP from standalone accounting software. The growing complexity of the business makes apparent the need to have a single system to manage all of the financial transactions and accounting for multiple business units or product lines.

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Environmental Pollution

 What is Environmental Pollution?

Environmental pollution is defined as “the contamination of the physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected.

Environmental pollution is increasing gradually and causing a serious impact on living organisms including humans. It can be reduced by microorganisms or plants that have biosynthetic pathways for the degradation or accumulation of environmental pollutants from soil and water. Lack of genetic components in natural microorganisms or plants lessens their ability to degrade or accumulate pollutants and hence is currently released at high rates. Recent advances in CRISPR-Cas9 technology have been used to edit the genome of microorganisms or plants in order to improve the degradation and accumulation efficiency to a higher rate for controlling environmental pollutants. We discuss recent developments in CRISPR-Cas9 based microorganisms and plant genome editing for bioremediation of environmental pollution in order to clean our environment for healthy animal life on earth.

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